Hello Nils,
First of all, please accept my apologies for the delayed reply, but this scenario was really troublesome and it took me several days (few hours per day) of testing it.
Also, thank you for the provided files, they proved to be really useful.
I have first tested the simplest scenario I could think about - simply running the .EXE file provided by you. I was indeed able to reproduce the issue in this case.
By having a look over the log file, I could notice the following error:
As I was not familiar with what this error means, I have started my research and I could find the following article:
System Error Codes
where I could notice that the error from the log file means:
ERROR_NEGATIVE_SEEK
131 (0x83)
An attempt was made to move the file pointer before the beginning of the file.
As it can be seen in the link title, this is a system error and it can be caused by so many things (I saw this issue in Java related threads, C related threads, 7-zip related threads). The closest I could get was with the 7-zip related threads (as the .CAB files are basically archives), but unfortunately to no avail.
The next thing I did was to download all the resources from the server (the .MSI and the 4 .CAB files) and then I extracted the resources from the .CAB files (using 7-zip). After doing so, I have pointed the resources (the two .TXT files extracted from the .CAB file) in the provided .AIP file and then I rebuilt the project.
I have then created a Web Server using IIS and then uploaded all the files there - the .CAB files resulted from the build process.
Important mention: As the only thing our bootstrapper does in case of a Web Installer is downloading the .MSI and then running it with the following command:
I have decided to work directly with the .MSI file.
At this point, what I could notice is a mismatch between the .CAB files generated by me (when building the setup) and the .CAB files download from you Web Server. Attached below is a screenshot where you can see the difference:

- Differences.png (137.38 KiB) Viewed 6386 times
On the left side, are the .CAB files that were downloaded from your Web Server and, on the right side, are the .CAB files generated at build time. As you can see, there is a 3, respectively 2 KB diff between them.
Now, going back to our scenario: After building the .AIP file and adding the files to my server, I have run it and, surprisingly, everything worked as expected.
With this in mind and the fact that the HTTP Response code was 200 (OK) according to the log file, this made me think that there must be something related to the .CAB files and how they are interpreted by your Web Server.
Unfortunately, I can not explain why the files would be larger when downloaded from the Web Server as compared to when you build them.
With this being said, could you please try to
Rebuild your project, upload the files to the web servers and then manually download them? After doing so, could you please confirm that their sizes are the same (the size at build time and the size when downloaded)?
Hope this helps somehow.
Best regards,
Catalin